The Harmful Effects Of Smoking Tobacco - 1547 Words

The Harmful Effects of Smoking Tobacco My purpose for writing this paper is to educate the reader of the harms and effects done onto a person from smoking Tobacco and persuade anyone thinking about or attempting to smoke Tobacco to consider the following for your own benefit. I will cover most harmful effects Tobacco has on not only the person using it but also the people around them. I will also show both sides of the argument with both the pros and the cons of smoking Tobacco as well as provide an argument for why Tobacco is bad for you and should be a banned substance like many other already illegal drugs. The history of Tobacco goes all the way to before the Americas were discovered by the Europeans and when it was only roamed by the natives inhabiting it. The Tobacco plant was originally used by the Native Indians at the time for many different reasons some being for medical and others being ritual related and in some cases it was used for coming of age ceremonies. â€Å"Europeans believed that tobacco could cure almost anything, from bad breath to cancer†(The History of Tobacco). The smoking of Tobacco was also originally only used for these such things and not for recreational purposes this did not change until the Tobacco plant was quickly spread throughout the europeans soon after the Americas were discovered and this was the start of the current Tobacco that we are familiar with and know today. One argument people have for protecting Tobacco is that Tobacco hasShow MoreRelatedHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MorePublic Awareness of Smoking and Tobacco663 Words   |  3 Pageshazards of smoking is increasing, but it is still important to outline the main health problems that are associated with tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is apparently the most preventable cause of death in the United States, (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). The specific hazards of smoking include damage to the lungs, heart, and brain (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). According to Martin (2008), There are approximately 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds of which are toxic. Cigarette smoking is addictiveRead MoreEffects Of Cigarette Smoking Among Adult Smokers1264 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services developed a survey for the assessment of cigarette smoking among adult smokers. The assessment showed that there has been a significant decrease/decline in cigarette smoking amongst adults in the year of 2003. The survey proved that fewer adults are smoking in Los Angeles County than if the rate of smoking had remained the same as in previous years. This paper evaluates the findings in the assessment conducted by Los Angeles County DepartmentRead MoreTobacco Industry : Make Tobacco Products Illegal1009 Words   |  5 Pages Make Tobacco Products Illegal Ellen Gossett Trevecca Nazarene University Abstract It can be argued that tobacco products are one of the deadliest legal drugs in the history of mankind. Most of the countries around the world are making progress to ban the sale of tobacco products and reduce smoking. Over the years, there has been a steady decline in global tobacco use; however, their needs to be steeper taxation on tobacco products, bans on smoking advertisements, incentives towards reducedRead MoreEssay on Smoking in America1122 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking in America In the United States today, more than forty six million Americans are addicted to cigarettes. More people have died due to cigarette smoking than from narcotic drugs, World Wars I and II, and the Vietnam War combined (Bailey 1). The annual death toll for cigarette smoking is more than four-hundred thousand Americans a year, and is the number-one preventable cause of death in the United States. If Americans are aware of the lethal effects of smoking, why is it still so popularRead MoreHealth Risks of Tobacco Use Today Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pages Tobacco Use Tobacco is a tall plant with wide leaves. The leaves are dried out and grinded up into little shreds and rolled up in paper making cigarettes. However, while cigarette companies are creating their product, they add many harmful chemicals, which are generally called tar, and toxic gases are added as well. Cigarettes are highly addictive because of a natural chemical in tobacco called nicotine. Though tobacco is harmful, you have to be 18 years old to purchase them from a store. In theRead MoreThe Health Effects Of Water Pipe Smoking1528 Words   |  7 Pages Water-pipe smoking has become increasingly popular in the United States. Its potential impact on life-threatening conditions, nicotine dependence, and because of the lack of knowledge about its health effects, water-pipe smoking represents various public health hazards (Dugas 1). The health effects of smoking hookah are constantly misjudged, causing young adults to believe they are smoking without consequences to their well-being . This may not be their fault considering the media’s misrepresentationRead MoreE Cigarettes, The Next Big Thing1612 Words   |  7 Pageswar against tobacco, or they are insidious menace that threatens to get kids hooked on nicotine and make smoking socially acceptable again† (Morin). E-cigarettes are now becoming more widespread, especially among young people. The electronic cigarette industry is growing rapidly in the United States due to the rising demand, which is stirring up opinions and research among the masses. While supporters argue that it is a safer and cheaper way of smoking and helpful for quality tobacco, opponents argueRead MoreInformative Speech : Effects Of Smoking816 Words   |  4 Pages Informative Speech Title: Effects of Smoking Speaker: Kevon Jones, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University student Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to avoid smoking Thesis Statement: Smoking has many dangerous effects on a smoker s health and the health of those around them; it harms every organ in the body and leads to premature death. Introduction I. Attention getter: According to Tobacco-Free Kids, â€Å"about 400,000 people die from their own smoking each year, and about 50,000Read MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking806 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking has become very common and fashionable, especially among young boys. This habit usually begins at school when boys try to experiment with every new thing that they can lay their hands on. Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make them

Research Study On A Literature Review Essay - 1400 Words

4.2 Research Hypothesis Hypothesis Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum; their studies are usually under taken within the context of an existing knowledge base. It helps to lay the foundation for the study and also inspire new research idea. Hypothesis in other words is an assumption for the research, the researchers organizes his or her ideas and critically thinks what could be the reasons for the stated research questions; thinking of the reasons or possible causal is referred to as hypothesis. Generally hypothesis give cruel before the study starts and the results of the study will be directed to confirm or reject the stated hypothesis. 4.3 Literature review: A literature review is a summary about previous studies on the topic, Conducted at the same time as defining the research question Why conduct a literature review? – Helps ensure that your research is new – Identifies what is known and not known about the topic – Helps frame the research question properly – Suggests potential research designs The literature review outlines what is known about the topic, Identify what remains to be known about the topic and suggest how your research will help advance knowledge to address the problem. This serves as the basis of your RATIONALE which justifies what the researcher does. With the reasons above literature review helps me to up to date with nursing information which I use daily in my practices, I cannot deliver any services out from the blue,Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Literature Review1131 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the stages in writing a research paper is the literature review. Since there is very little that has not been studied in some form, good researchers find out all they can about their subjects before they commence their own study. Not only is it imperative to acquire what is already know about the subject, but a literature review enables the researcher to identify what is not known or well understood (Lanier Briggs, 2014). By conducting a literature review, one verifies what else needsRead MoreNarrative Literature Reviews1589 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative literature reviews Introduction n A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of the work that has been published on a particular topic n A literature review should convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on a topic and their strengths and limitations Why undertake a literature review? n To provide a review of the current knowledge in a particular field n Provide a description of research studies n Identify gaps in current knowledge n Identify emergingRead MoreRole of Literature in Research1513 Words   |  7 Pages[pic]DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT THE ROLE OF LITERATURE REVIEW IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS A TERM PAPER PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE COURSE RESEARCH METHODS BY SIAW-ASAMOAH JOYCELYN Literature simply is a body of written works. It is what has been written to be investigated, thus an existing body of written works or knowledge on a chosen topic or problem area. The name is often applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions ofRead MoreWhat Factors Are Involved in the Increasing Prevalence of Type II Diabetes in Adolescents living in Sub-Saharan Africa?1279 Words   |  6 Pagesof the problem posed by type II diabetes. - Estimating the prevalence of type II diabetes among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Identifying possible risk factors. - Making evidence based conclusions and recommendations for practice or further research. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a deadly disease in many parts of the world. It is a disease condition that is usually characterized with an elevated blood glucose level. Researchers over the years have worked to determine the metabolic pathwaysRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreImportant Consideration in Making a Research Paper820 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Why? Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. I frequently have students who come to me complaining that they couldnt find anything in the literature that was related to their topic. And virtually every time they have said thatRead MoreNursing Interventions For The Management Of Patient Fatigue1004 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement of patient fatigue: a literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 2668–2678. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12211 2. Is the review thorough—does it include all of the major studies on the topic? Does it include recent research? Are studies from other related disciplines included, if appropriate? (25 points) In my opinion the review was fair, but the research study is weak due to several limitations. The reviewers clearly identified the limitations of the study such as, the sample size andRead MoreHrd Audit Literature Review683 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Review If you believe everything you read, better not read. (Japanese Proverb) [pic] What is a literature review? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic in the past. Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. A literature review must be defined by a guiding concept and should not be a list of all the material that you can find (Porter, S. 2008, p.49). What isRead MoreLiterature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pages Literature Review Article Critique Jocelyn Claudio Widener University September 25, 2016 Overview The authors of this literature review evaluated studies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their mental and physical health as older adults. They collected findings from 23 studies that were published between 1996 through 2011 and concluded that childhood trauma did in fact have negativeRead MoreArticle Critique Of Joshua Palkki1232 Words   |  5 Pagescase study regarding two Latina students in which Palkki (2015) seeks to learn about their choral experiences and thereby discover avenues to improve choral teaching methods. A literature review is presented and after this the case study of these two students was explained and Palkki (2015) explains his conclusions. The purpose of this paper is to critique the strengths and weaknesses of this article in the following areas: Palkki’s research purpose, his literature review, the case study and results

Strategies of Outsourcing and Offshoring †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategies of Outsourcing and Offshoring. Answer: Introduction: In todays business world, in order to sustain, business owners adopt ways and methods that can make their work flow fast and efficient(Kremic, 2006). Outsourcing is the only way that can prove beneficial as it assists in delegating work to outside people. The term outsourcing can also be defined as a process of delegating work to other people who are not joined with the firm but are supposed to carry certain tasks under agreed criteria(Bucki, 2017). Generally companies outsource tasks that require special treatment or the ones which could prove expensive for them. There are many ways by which outsourcing function can be carried like performing tasks in house, manufacturing in other units; IT enabled service, providing online jobs, or getting expert advices(Iqbal, 2013). Though there are many who do not believe in outsourcing as it has got many drawbacks also, but still on some or the other way has to delegate work to others like transportation, currier, engaging lawyers, etc. For a s ingle or limited group of people, to perform all the tasks are not possible and can lack quality(Mukherjee, 2014). In this research paper advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business function will be reviewed and concluded after observing potential reasons for outsourcing in small and big organisations. Study made by many authors and researchers have been utilised in this paper to make detailed analysis of the topic to provide assistance to those who are planning to implement outsourcing function in their business. The primary feature of outsourcing i.e. performing work in shorter time along with cost reductive manner has made outsourcing function an integral part in many organisations. Companies outsources work to others in order to get involved with latest technologies and trends which could otherwise would have been difficult to perform under limited area and people(Pine, 2017). Thus external companies and agents with latest technologies are outsourced by major companies to get updated outcomes of latest trends. Time and cost saving are also significant objectives that makes organisations outsource their work along with getting efficiency(Iqbal, 2013). In the above figure it is clearly shown that objective behind outsourcing can be fulfilled in different manner but at the same time can become risk oriented without proper strategy. The reasons behind outsourcing are so apparent that sometimes many companies falls into its prey and has to bear unexpected losses(Mukherjee, 2014). To identify the pitfalls behind outsourcing it should be the primary target of businesses to recognize the risks before handed or else could lead them with adverse affects. In business where the work area is small and has limited capital, outsourcing becomes a great help as it enables sharing risks with outsourced agencies and thus releases risk of capital. Depending on the temperament of business, objectives behind outsourcing can vary but the ultimate goal lies in improving product/services(Syluancia, 2009). The scope or purpose of outsourcing is been identified to a great extent by business owners these days and have been accepted by them to fulfil many purposes(Riley, 2010). The basic scope provided by outsourcing, as shown in above figure can be further explained after evaluating it by placing different examples(Robe, 2017). Transitional or intermediary outsourcing is related to those tasks where company outsources particular task to outsiders for a certain period of time or till the task is completed. For example, delivery of goods, transporting raw materials to vendors, cleaning and sanitising, hiring mechanics for electrical fittings, labours, etc(Ahmed O. Al-Mutairi, 2015). These types of outsourcing provide a limited scope for risk as external agencies are engaged for shorter span of time. Selective outscoring is generally adopted by manufacturing companies as it deals in delegation of limited and particular work to outside companies on regular basis. Organisations where manufact uring small parts are not done in house as outsourcings confirm better way, selects other external companies to undertake that part in return of agreed costs. This function can be performed by outsourcing it to one or many companies at a time and involve risks higher than transitional outsourcing(Syluancia, 2009). Other examples are advertising function, computer related service, creative designer hiring, freelancers, etc(Pine, 2017). Lastly, there are organisations who believe in total outsourcing their business functions and assembling the entire work under their supervision. This kind of outsourcing is generally done in computer manufacturing companies where different parts of computers are assembled and is sold under name of outsourcing company. Many clothes manufacturing companies also outsources its works to different designers and tailors which are later on sold under companys name(Robe, 2017). In literature, outsourcing has gained much consequence and has become an important subject to study for researchers and writers(Kremic, 2006). The advantages of outsourcing can be identified largely which has made it an inevitable part of business. The below diagram gives an outline to the study which is further defined in a detailed and specific way with the help of studies made by different authors. Improve Company Focus has been an advantage which has made large companies adopts outsourcing. While work is delegated to outsiders, the management or executing part of the company gets released with energy which can be utilized in focussing other important areas while quality of the work is also not depreciated(Pine, 2017). Menial jobs can be outsourced as it comprises of minimum to no risk and leave the experts of the company to perform other growth oriented work. For example, in hotel business, if the regular purchasing or completed food delivery task is outsourced, it may release managers to perform other official works. In supply and logistics firm, transporting vehicles are outsourced which saves companys time and energy required for its regular maintenance of vehicle parts and hiring drivers(Robe, 2017). Reduced operating costs are another advantage recognised while outsourcing. This can also be said as main reason why small companies outsource its major work outside. While ou tsourcing, the need of hiring full time staff is eliminated and also to make arrangement to perform the task in house is not required(Ahmed O. Al-Mutairi, 2015). In manufacturing firms setting of machines is required and sometimes becomes difficult for the company to purchase and requirement of special trained staff for a particular task is also necessary. Outsourcing can be immensely used her for reducing cost of performing those tasks(Yeboah, 2013). Improvement in work quality is ensured in outsourcing as contracts are made by outsourcing firms and the outsourced agencies are obligated to perform the work under their conditions. While the experts are engaged, the efficiency and work quality is improved in cost effective way. For example, large organisations outsource its advertising part to social media and other advertising agencies that specialises in their field and with their experts and current knowledge about advertising, can provide better service to the organisations. While engaging experts to the company, business competence is gained. In organisation where large number of paper works is required to be dealt with along with handling legal cases, outsourcing can be done to experts who can handle the work more efficiently(Pellicelli, 2012). Like changes in government regulations and legal requirements is fast observed by experts of those fields and changes made according can be easily done without hampering business code. Strategic management is required in todays business scenario which can only be obtained by involving expert advices(Yeboah, 2013). Since their charges for full time service is higher, outsourcing becomes the way to get access to their expertise in reduced costs. For example, in construction firms where large number of contracts is made with suppliers and buyers, legal advices are required so that the companies are aware of government regulations regarding taxes and property leases. They outsource legal advisory works to agencies specialist in legal advising and corporate lawyers for getting acceptable advice(Gardener, 2015). Establishing world class technology is also ensured as outsourcing is generally made by the companies to them who are tailored with latest tools and procedures. Even if the company is older or has been established long way back, outsourcing its work to other companies with latest technologies can provide a scope for changeover to new trend. Smartphone companies utilising outsourcing techniques is visible in latest news where mobile producing companies outsources software development units to other advanced companies (Meyer, 2011). In airline industries also outsourcing have made a significant role where latest aircrafts and planes are manufactured by other companies with special and latest technologies(World Airline News, 2017). Lastly, to beat competition and gain sustainability, outsourcing plays an important role. This advantage is observed after realising all the above mentioned features and advantages of outsourcing by organisations as after realising it, the company must have b ecome enriched with all necessary features like cost efficiency, work effectiveness, expert engagement and time saving(Syluancia, 2009). To gain competitive advantage, the organisations follow strategic managerial procedures which can be in the form of self performance or outsourcing to other special agencies(Pellicelli, 2012). Thus the company is able to take on newer risks and challenges after outsourcing which might be helpful to overcome others in the same market area while reducing self energy for other expansion related work(Bucki, 2017). Outsourcing has many disadvantages also which has been discovered by researchers and had been estimated for business owners to make them aware of its cons while implementing it in their business(Simeoni, 2011). The following figure outlines major disadvantages of outsourcing and further explanation about it have been supported by various examples. Communication barriers are the most significant disadvantage noticed in outsourcing function as whenever outsourcing is done, it involves larger community of people belonging to different culture(Simeoni, 2011). There are times when the companies are unable to meet with the outsourcing agents personally and hence are unsure about their work quality. Where the outsourcing is done to other countries, this problem proves to be immense as language along with culture is highly diversified. This difference can lead to higher tendency of miscommunication and result in affecting the work performance(Telus International, 2017). For example, in construction industry the designing function is normally outsourced to other country experts to bring diversified and newer designs in their construction portfolio. If the designers are unaware of the climate or culture of the outsourcing countries and does not understand the actual requirement, the design sent by them can be of no use or when applied c an prove unsuccessful(Mahesh, 2009). The tendency of work quality reduction is higher in outsourcing as the external agents are more inclined to make profits rather than spending utmost time in product development or maintaining good quality throughout. As the quality reduces, sales also get down and hence prove to be fallback for the company. Management requires giving consideration to proper budgeting while utilizing outsourcing function as sometimes if miscalculated; outsourcing can prove to be cost escalating(Kremic, 2006). For example, in hospitals, cleaning function is normally outsourced to outer agencies. If the work area is limited and requires lesser time in cleaning and sanitising, the outsourcing can prove beneficial. On the other hand if the area is bigger and requires cleaning at regular intervals of the day with strict monitoring, outsourcing can prove expensive and hiring permanent staffing can then establish cost reductive way(Pine, 2017). The outsourcing agencies normally deal with many companies simultaneously to fulfil their primary target of profit earning. While they engage in many works at a time, propensity of delay at work is probable. Although agreements to maintain time punctuality is made in the agreements, still companies has to face trouble while not getting works done on time. This problem is normally faced while outsourcing transportation function and many companies face problems helplessly as the agents can easily make excuses of climatic and governmental issues(Kishore, 2010). Other issue faced by outsourcing companies are that they get delayed support by the outsourced companies at the time when any problem is identified in products or services. The external agencies who performs work for many companies might not get enough time to concentrate on each outsourcing company and while queries are delayed, the overall costs of the project is hampered along with companies getting annoyed. Lack of security o f data is another important disadvantage recognised while outsourcing. While internal management work is outsourced, data related to internal management and company secrets are sometimes required to be discussed with outsiders. Thus chances of getting them leaked become higher and loss of significant data might prove dangerous for the company(Telus International, 2017). For example, while outsourcing accounts maintaining function of business, the outsourced accounting agents or accountant may ask for credentials that are significant and at the same time necessary to present. If the outsourcing agent is fraud, they may make negative use of it and can even share or sell information with company competitors(Simeoni, 2011). Many companies also face problems while outsourcing as they tend to lose their control over the outsourced function. The external agencies or experts might not allow the company to invade into their work area and thus the owners remain unfamiliar with the work proces ses. Although they are entailed to spend expenses for work but to get control over it becomes difficult. The agencies sometimes take advantage of the situation and perform the work in inferior and degraded way(Mukherjee, 2014). Conclusion: It is important to understand pros and cons of outsourcing as it is continuously developing in business and has become an integral part of commerce(Kremic, 2006). Although researchers have provided with many reasons to implement outsourcing into business, at some areas gaps can be identified in the study which limits to cost and talent related function of outsourcing. To make the research more appropriate, those gaps should be identified by giving an insight to processes and methods of successful outsourcing. Objectives behind outsourcing are several but the major ones defined are introduction of talent and skill in the company along with reduction of cost(Riley, 2010). To save time and energy is also observed while outsourcing but at the same time can prove disadvantageous if not monitored with concern. Business owners who do not look into contracts before signing it with outsourced companies are normally the ones who suffers severely while other who take precautions gains utmost ad vantage of outsourcing(Pellicelli, 2012). The identification of advantages and disadvantages have been keenly observed in this report which can be summarised as advantages being potential enough to attract the business owners while disadvantages are the result which is faced by them due to negligence in strategic management(Kremic, 2006). References: A, V., 2017. 13 ultimate Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Offshoring. [Online] Available at: https://www.apoyocorp.com/13-ultimate-pros-and-cons-of-outsourcing-and-offshoring [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Ahmed O. Al-Mutairi, A.A.-H.a.K.F., 2015. Advantages and Disadvantages of Maintenance Outsourcing inManufacturing Companies: With Special References to JubailIndustrial City KSA. [Online] Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/viewFile/23828/24399 [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Bucki, J., 2017. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing in Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-outsourcing-2533662 [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Gardener, J., 2015. Why consider outsourcing property management? [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-consider-outsourcing-property-management-james-gardner [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Iqbal, Z., 2013. Outsourcing: A Review of Trends, Winners Losers and Future Directions. [Online] Available at: https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_8_Special_Issue_July_2013/9.pdf [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Jones, T., 2014. Must-Have Strategy Tools For Modern Businesses. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140617114629-267655845-must-have-strategy-tools-for-modern-businesses [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Kishore, S.C.a.R., 2010. Determinants And Impacts Of Governance Forms On Outsourcing Performance: Evidence From A Case Study. [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274371877_Determinants_And_Impacts_Of_Governance_Forms_On_Outsourcing_Performance_Evidence_From_A_Case_Study [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Kremic, T., 2006. Outsourcing decision support: a survey of benefits, risks, and decision factors. [Online] Available at: https://ankara.lti.cs.cmu.edu/11780/sites/default/files/Outsourcing-Survey.pdf [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Mahesh, A., 2009. Hiring a designer: a clients perspective. [Online] Available at: https://www.davidairey.com/hiring-designers-client-perspective/ [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Meyer, D., 2011. Nokia announces layoffs and Symbian outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/nokia-announces-layoffs-and-symbian-outsourcing/ [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Mukherjee, R., 2014. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://blog.udemy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing/ [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Pellicelli, P.M.a.M., 2012. The Strategies of Outsourcing and Offshoring. [Online] Available at: https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_9_September_2012/15.pdf [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Pine, M., 2017. Why Do Companies Outsource? [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/why-do-companies-outsource-2553035 [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Riley, J., 2010. QA - Explain what is meant by outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/business/blog/qa-explain-what-is-meant-by-outsourcing [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Robe, E., 2017. What are examples of outsourcing? [Online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/What-are-examples-of-outsourcing [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Simeoni, R., 2011. Understanding Outsourcing Arrangements 2. The reasons and the risks of outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://inspiringscm.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/understanding-outsourcing-arrangements-2-the-reasons-and-the-risks-of-outsourcing/ [Accessed 29 August 2017]. Syluancia, L., 2009. The Objectives of Outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://ezinearticles.com/?The-Objectives-of-Outsourcingid=3188795 [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Telus International, 2017. 5 False Assumptions every Executive should Know about Outsourcing. [Online] Available at: https://telusinternational-europe.com/false-assumptions-outsourcing/ [Accessed 29 August 2017]. World Airline News, 2017. Singapore Airlines to order 20 Boeing 777-9s and 19787-10 Dreamliners. [Online] Available at: https://worldairlinenews.com/category/singapore-airlines/ [Accessed 28 August 2017]. Yeboah, A., 2013. The Relationship Between Outsourcing And Organizational Performance. [Online] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.735.2183rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed August29 2017].

Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization

Introduction Countries, like businesses, control their economic positions to maintain a healthy economic stance regarding their financial resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Often, the nations establish their respective central banks that act as the finance department in the country to regulate both the money, as well as the credit system. The central banks use varied policy tools, including bank reserves, federal funds market, open market operations, discount rates, and foreign currency operations, to achieve their objectives of maximum employment and stable price levels, among other goals (Rose Marquis, 2003, p. 64). This paper seeks to discuss how such available policy tools are used by these institutions to determine the nation’s policies regarding money and credit. The paper further highlights some of the wea knesses, as well as strengths of these monetary policy tools. It also gives an insight on how a country’s economic goals are affected by the policy actions implemented by their central banks. Monetary Tools Bank Reserves Banks often maintain a specific amount of funds as reserves for purposes of meeting their unexpected outflows (Gamber Colande, 2006, p. 78). These reserves are maintained as cash or as deposits mainly with the central bank. Typically, the banks hold a larger amount in their reserves than is required for purposes of clearing overnight checks, restocking their automated cash machines (ATMs), and making different payments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reserve held by a given bank determines the amount of money that the same bank can lend. The central bank’s Board of Governors sets the reserve requirement in any country and it forms a criti cal aspect of the national monetary base (Gamber Colande, 2006, p. 78). This monetary tool influences policies in the sense that the treasury, which is the most important supplier of high-powered money, writes cheques on its account at the central bank to increase the reserve balance. On the other hand, the treasury’s act of collecting taxes diminishes the reserve levels in the bank (Arestis Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). This is critical because it highlights the fact that a country’s fiscal policy is by all means tied to the reserve balances. The central bank uses the bank reserve tool to defend the nature and position of the economy because of the discretionary nature of the treasury operations (Arestis Sawyer, 2006, p. 79). The Federal Funds Market The federal funds market relates to the bank reserves as a policy tool used by central banks to regulate a country’s economy. Banks use this market to borrow and lend their reserve levels. It often occurs that some bank s may have more deposits in their reserves than it is required by the central bank (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). On the other hand, banks may find themselves in need of money to maintain their reserves at the right level as expected by the central bank.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Banks are incentivised to lend out the reserves because reserve accounts do not attract any interest. Thus, other depository institutions needing additional funds for their reserves can borrow from banks holding the excess amount. The short term lending is facilitated by the federal funds market (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). The central bank, acting on instructions from banks with reserve accounts, switches these funds from the lending to the borrowing bank (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). A funds rate, which is the interest rate paid by the borrowing bank, i s the most critical aspect as far as the money market is involved. The funds rate is set by the central bank, but consideration is given to the interplay of the market forces, mainly the demand and supply levels, to fix it. The federal funds market, therefore, is an important monetary tool that helps in determining the monetary policy because both the current and future interest rates in the economy are anchored upon the funds rate (Strumeyer, 2012, p. 118). Open Market Operations The ‘open market operations’ is the most important tool that central banks use in the determination of their monetary and credit policies. This tool influences the reserves’ supply within the banking system. The central bank purchases and sells securities belonging to the government on the open market, including bankers’ acceptances (Thomas, 2006, p. 398).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The central bank has the discretion to determine the timing and magnitude of the transactions and implement the open market purchases basing on the needed impact on bank reserves, short-term interest rates, monetary aggregates, and the monetary base (Thomas, 2006, p. 398). The central banks use their portfolio of securities to earn their interest income. In this regard, the total revenue that the central bank earns varies proportionally to the central bank’s portfolio magnitude (Thomas, 2006, p. 399). For instance, a monetary restraint policy will be the central bank’s best alternative to counter the situation where an economy experiences escalating inflation and excessive aggregate expenditures (Thomas, 2006, p. 399). Such a condition will see the institution sell its securities within the open market. New reserves will be created to pay for the securities, where the security dealers’ reserve account will be credited. This mechanism allows the market operations tool to govern both the bank reserves’ behaviour and the monetary stand. As Thomas (2006, p. 399) points out, the action by the central bank in terms of acquisition or sale of securities results in the multiple expansion of deposits or contraction, thereby affecting the monetary aggregates in general. Discount Rates The discount rate is considered as a general or a quantitative instrument that influences the volume of credit that circulates in an economy. The central bank uses this rate to purchase or rediscount the bills of exchange, including other commercial papers appropriate for purchase. Banks borrow funds from the central bank by way of rediscounting the bills or through lending based on security on similar bills (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). Alternatively, lending by the central bank may also take place by way of short-dated government papers. The discount rate is determined solely by the central bank on a weekly basis and the banks alter it whenever the government seeks to achieve a particular desirable objective. For instance, the central bank may raise the discount rate as a move to discourage borrowing within the economy. Such a move, therefore, tightens credit because only a few individuals may be in a position to afford the high interest rates (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). On the other hand, the central bank lowers the discount rate when the government wishes to encourage more borrowing, making it cheaper for individuals to borrow and service their loans. The central bank uses this tool to regulate the actions of the commercial banks, thus controlling undue expansion of credit (Fernando, 2011, p. 560). Foreign Currency Operations The modalities of the foreign currency operations work in a similar manner as those of the open market operations. However, the main differentiating aspect of the two is the fact that the main commodity sold is the foreign currency, instead of the government securities. The central bank purchases foreign currencies as a way of expanding a country’s monetary base, thus influencing its money supply (Rose Marquis, 2003, p. 118). This move, in turn, creates additional reserves within the banking system. Thus, the central bank influences its ability to lend and re-lend its financial base to other institutions in the country (Marthinsen, 2008, p. 248). The bank, however, may also choose to decrease monetary aggregates in the economy, especially if they affect the economy negatively, by selling the foreign currencies. Such a move helps the bank to lower the amount of reserves in circulation, thereby compelling other financial intermediaries to limit their loans. This tool helps countries that are less developed, which mainly suffer from underdeveloped security markets (Marthinsen, 2008, p. 248). The foreign currency trade offers a better alternative to create the requisite influence since such countries are unable to purchase or trade their respective government securities easily or in large amoun ts. Strengths and Weaknesses Reserve Requirements Strengths The reserve requirements enable a government to regulate prices stability within the economy (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). The economy is at risk of suffering from inflation as a result more people having more money than the demand when too much money is in circulation. Thus, the central government may raise the reserve requirement amount to restrict the amount of money in circulation. On the other hand, short supply of money may result in prices shooting up, thus the central bank avoids such a scenario by releasing more money in the reserve system to cushion on the shortage. Weaknesses Regulating the amount of money supply within an economy may end up affecting the government’s objectives of achieving growth in the long run. It is not easy to determine the correct amount of money that should be in circulation at any given time because of economic uncertainty (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). Discount Rate Strengths Discou nt rates provide an avenue through which the government, through the central government, earns additional revenue for maintaining its operations. An improved economy will offer a greater chance for the government to earn more through an expanded discount rate. Weaknesses Discount rates may result in poor economic performance, especially where external economic factors are not considered. A higher discount rate will discourage borrowing, and affect long-term economic development negatively (Welch Welc, 2010, p. 248). Conclusion A nation’s economic policy is directly tied to the respective policy actions that are determined by its central bank. Such policies employ the use of reserve requirements, which the central bank uses to regulate the total amount of money that circulates within the economy. Too much money in circulation may result in inflation, leading to a sharp increase in the prices of products. Limited amount in circulation may result in difficulties in the economy where few people would be in the position to afford commodities. Thus, the central bank ensures that only the requisite amount of money is in circulation, while keeping the extra cash in the reserves. Another tool of the monetary and credit policy, the discount rate, is equally used by the central bank to determine the flow of funds, mainly loans, in the economy. All commercial banks adhere to this rate, which may result in high or low borrowing in the economy. A higher rate discourages people and institutions from borrowing loans, while a lower rate encourages more borrowing. List of References Arestis, P Sawyer, MC 2006, A handbook of alternative monetary economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK Fernando, AC 2011, Business environment, Dorling Kindersley, New Delhi, India Gamber, E Colande, DC 2006, Macroeconomics, Pearson Education South Africa, Cape Town Marthinsen, JE 2008, Managing in a global economy: Demystifying international macroeconomics, Thomson, Mason, OH R ose, PS Marquis, MH 2003, Money and capital markets: financial institutions and instruments in a global marketplace, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Strumeyer, G 2012, Investing in fixed income securities: understanding the bond market, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ Thomas, LB, 2006, Money, banking and financial markets, Thomson, Mason, OH Welch, PJ Welc, GF 2010, Economics: Theory and practice, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ This essay on Monetary Policy and Impact on Economic Stabilization was written and submitted by user Maddox K. to help you with your own studies. 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